The trouble with the widely used Hubble law v = H.D is, that this law is based on Hubble’s assumption that speed  is the only cause of redshift, without any proof. They related estimated distances of galaxies with their measured redshift. Later observations of much higher redshifted galaxies in...

The ‘photo’ of the black hole in M87 is already iconic. The ‘Event Horizon telescope’ gave us a valuable look on the enormous object. But what do we see?ETH think it is the accretion disk (sending radiowaves) around the event horizon of a singularity. This conflicts with physics, Karl Schwarzschild and...

The Theory of General Relativity is very complicated mathematics. Einstein formulated a number of demands to ensure that solutions match measurement physics. Exact Schwarzschild solutions have later been changed by astronomers, unscientifically, to get rid of difficult issues.The relevance is great:...

The temperature of Neptune’s upper atmosphere is very low, but high activity levels like geysers were seen by Voyager 2 in 1989. Surprising because current publications estimate the core temperature at only about 5,400 [Kelvin].However, based on Noether’s theorem of energy conservation the core must be...

The “perfect cosmological principle” describes how a model of the universe should look like. This principle requires the model of the universe to be homogenous (the same everywhere) and isotropic (the same in all directions). Many cosmologists apply this principle to space only, but the universe...

The Hubble law is widely used as distance ladder. Edwin Hubble assumed that the high redshift of far away galaxies was caused by their speed, which led to the expanding universe. He never imagined that a redshift of more than 1 would ever be measured. How about relativity: Doppler at ultra-high speeds...

Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory was brilliant and many know the famous formula E = mc2. However the theory also was criticized. Ehrenfest, Mach and others showed inconsistencies and even Einstein himself formulated his twin paradox: who has become older after return?With help of Minkowsky he solved...

Recently, a group of astronomers recalculated the mass of the Milky Way, with the help of new data from the Gaia and Hubble space telescopes. Until now, different estimates varied from 500 billion to 3 trillion sun-masses, mainly due to the unknown “dark matter” which is supposed to present the...

The relevance of the perfect cosmological principle to the universal model is enormous. The universe can either be Euclidean and infinitely large and old, or spherical and limited in space and time. Which one is correct, which one is abiding physics laws and explains all observations? Observations show...

The current FLRW model of the universe has a lot of controversies: dark energy, dark matter, changing speed of light, anomalies, etc. It is in conflict with Einstein, and Noether. With help of Robertson&Walker’s measuring systematic, based on Einstein’s first model, a 3-sphere with a 4D-radius as factor of time...