To determine the shape of the universe, we need to study how galaxies are distributed across the celestial dome; in other words, we need density measurements of numbers of galaxies in the universe. These measurements have been made, for which astronomy uses the redshift of spectral lines in the light spectrum of...

In his book ‘My Theory’ of 1917, Einstein described a spherical Universe. He abandoned his model in 1931, after seeing astronomer Hubble’s work on the redshift of distant galaxies. Now, we revive Einstein’s model by using Minkowski’s space-time. This results in a Universal model which needs neither Dark...