Recently, a group of astronomers recalculated the mass of the Milky Way, with the help of new data from the Gaia and Hubble space telescopes. Until now, different estimates varied from 500 billion to 3 trillion sun-masses, mainly due to the unknown “dark matter” which is supposed to present the...

The relevance of the perfect cosmological principle to the universal model is enormous. The universe can either be Euclidean and infinitely large and old, or spherical and limited in space and time. Which one is correct, which one is abiding physics laws and explains all observations? Observations show...